The chemical reaction is a process of chemical change between reactant substances (reactants) are transformed into substances the reaction products (products). In a chemical reaction, a substance turns into one or more other substances, a new species.
When you learn about the elements you already know in advance about the chemical symbols of the element. Well, to facilitate the study of chemical reactions matter should first understand how the writing of chemical reactions.
Example: To write a chemical reaction that occurs when chunks of limestone that is inserted into the water and then the water gets hot.To write the reaction between calcium oxide CaO (s) with water H2O (l) is as follows:
The results of the chemical reaction process is Ca (OH) or calcium hydroxide soluble in water and if left in place it will appear sediment / white solids in the bottom of the vessel.
Explanation of symbols in a chemical reaction:
Reaction Coefficient
In writing a chemical reaction we must also consider the number of digits to the left of the reagent (reactant) and the reaction (the product). The number is called the coefficient that indicates the number of each atom that play a role in the reaction. The mass of a substance before and after the reaction did not change during a chemical reaction takes place.
Example:
Solution of lead (II) nitrate is reacted with potassium iodide are dissolved in water to give a solid lead (II) iodide are colored yellow and liquid potassium nitrate.
In chemical reactions the number of atoms that make up the substance nothing is lost, only rearranged, so for the reaction as mentioned above can be described as follows:
How to determine the coefficient of the reaction of a chemical reaction?
If given the example of magnesium ribbon burned to produce a solid form of magnesium oxide (white)
Phase I
Determine the position of the reagent (reactant) to the left and the products of the reaction on the right of the arrow.
Pereaksinya is Mg (Magnesium) in the form of solid / solid and O2 (Oxygen) in gaseous form; remember the burning process needs oxygen. Reaction products (products) in the form of MgO (magnesium oxide).
Phase II
Balance the atoms in the equation. From the reaction equation is the number of magnesium atoms of the reactants is equal to the amount of magnesium atom reaction products (products). Well for the oxygen atom has not been the same. Yet oxygen is a diatomic atom, ie each molecule contains two atoms of oxygen.
Phase III
If the chemical formula is correct but has not been balanced once seen the number of atoms then the next step is to equalize the coefficients in front of the substance of the reactants or products.
If the reaction of sample we add the number 2 in front of the substance of the reaction (MgO) to equalize the amount of oxygen the chemical reaction becomes:
However, the amount of Mg on the left are still numbered 1, then the number 2 when added in front of the reactant Mg chemical reactions can be written as:
can now be seen in the table:
These reactions are called equilibrium where the number of atoms of reactants and products (the reaction) is the same and is called balanced equation.
Sabtu, 15 Oktober 2011
Senin, 10 Oktober 2011
The Miracle In The Atom
In the world in which we live, mankind is caught up in a continuous search for the answers to many questions like "what?", "how?" and "in what way?", and can make but little headway in answering them. It is unlikely for man to make his way to the truth unless he asks himself the question "why?" about the extraordinary order and balance with which he interacts.
In this book, we will deal with the subject of "the atom", the groundwork of every animate and inanimate thing. After seeing what occurs and in what way it occurs with regards to the atom, we will seek the answers to the question "why?" The answer to this question will take us to the truth we pursue.
Since the first half of the 19th century, many scientists worked day and night to reveal the secrets of the atom. These studies that uncovered the form, motion, structure and other properties of the atom shattered the very grounds of classical physics that assumed matter to be an entity without any beginning or end, and laid the foundation for modern physics. They also produced many questions.
Many physicists, looking for answers to these questions, finally agreed that there is perfect order, unerring balance and perfect design in the atom, as in everything else in the universe.
This truth is revealed in the Qur'an sent down by Allah fourteen centuries ago. As made clear in the verses of the Qur'an, the whole universe works in perfect order because the earth, the sky and everything in between is created by Allah, Who has infinite power and wisdom.
Everything created by Allah has extraordinary excellence and runs within a flawless order. What comes as a real surprise is some peoples unrelenting insensitivity towards the numerous miracles they encounter, see, hear, and know – including their own bodies – and their negligence about the reason "why" these extraordinary details are presented to them.
Though dwelling on a scientific subject, the purpose of "The Miracle in the Atom" is different from that of conventional scientific books. This book deals with the "atom", unique in being the building block of both animate and inanimate objects, with the questions "what?", "how?" and "in what way?", thereby opening the door to the answer of the question "why?" Once beyond this door, the superiority of the wisdom and knowledge of Allah, and His creation are revealed for all to see:
Allah, there is no God but Him, the Living, the Self-Sustaining. He is not subject to drowsiness or sleep. Everything in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him. Who can intercede with Him except by His permission? He knows what is before them and what is behind them but they cannot grasp any of His knowledge save what He wills. His Footstool encompasses the heavens and the earth and their preservation does not tire Him. (Surat al-Baqara: 255)
In this book, we will deal with the subject of "the atom", the groundwork of every animate and inanimate thing. After seeing what occurs and in what way it occurs with regards to the atom, we will seek the answers to the question "why?" The answer to this question will take us to the truth we pursue.
Since the first half of the 19th century, many scientists worked day and night to reveal the secrets of the atom. These studies that uncovered the form, motion, structure and other properties of the atom shattered the very grounds of classical physics that assumed matter to be an entity without any beginning or end, and laid the foundation for modern physics. They also produced many questions.
Many physicists, looking for answers to these questions, finally agreed that there is perfect order, unerring balance and perfect design in the atom, as in everything else in the universe.
Everything created by Allah has extraordinary excellence and runs within a flawless order. What comes as a real surprise is some peoples unrelenting insensitivity towards the numerous miracles they encounter, see, hear, and know – including their own bodies – and their negligence about the reason "why" these extraordinary details are presented to them.
Though dwelling on a scientific subject, the purpose of "The Miracle in the Atom" is different from that of conventional scientific books. This book deals with the "atom", unique in being the building block of both animate and inanimate objects, with the questions "what?", "how?" and "in what way?", thereby opening the door to the answer of the question "why?" Once beyond this door, the superiority of the wisdom and knowledge of Allah, and His creation are revealed for all to see:
Allah, there is no God but Him, the Living, the Self-Sustaining. He is not subject to drowsiness or sleep. Everything in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him. Who can intercede with Him except by His permission? He knows what is before them and what is behind them but they cannot grasp any of His knowledge save what He wills. His Footstool encompasses the heavens and the earth and their preservation does not tire Him. (Surat al-Baqara: 255)
ATOM CREATION PERFECTION
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Air, water, mountains, animals, plants, our bodies, we sit on chairs, in short everything we see, we conjecture, and we taste, ranging from the heaviest to the lightest is formed of atoms. Each page of the book you are holding consists of billions of atoms. Atoms are particles so small that not likely to be seen even using the most advanced microscopes. The diameter of an atom is only one millionth of a millimeter.
It is impossible for humans to imagine this size. Therefore, let us try to explain with an example:
Imagine you are holding a lock. No doubt, you could not see the atoms in this key. If you still want to see it, then you have to enlarge this key resembles the earth. Once you lock the size of the earth, then every atom in it the size of cherries. 13
Let us consider another example in order to understand the smallness of this, and how all places and all things are filled with atoms:
Let's say we want to count all the atoms in a grain of salt, and suppose that we can count one billion atoms per second. Although we are very nimble, it will take more than five hundred years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt. 14
Then, there inside a small structure?
Although very small, in the atom there is a flawless system, unique, and complex in its sophistication comparable to the system that we see in the universe in general.
Each atom is made up of a core and a number of electrons moving in orbit at great distances from the nucleus. At the core there are other particles called protons and neutrons.
In this chapter, we will observe the atomic structure of the incredible which is the basis of all living and dead, and seeing how atoms combine to form molecules and eventually the material.
Contained in the core strengths
The nucleus is located right in the center of the atom and consists of a number of protons and neutrons depending on the properties of these atoms. The radius of the nucleus is about a thousandth of the radius of the atom. To express it in numbers, the radius of an atom is 10-8 (0.00000001) cm, and the radius of the core is 10-12 (0.000000000001) cm. Therefore, the core volume is equal to one ten-billionth of the volume per atom.
Because we can not imagine the magnitude (or rather small) numbers, let's take the example of the cherry. Let's look inside the atomic nucleus that has us imagine the size of cherries when the key in your hand for the earth. Even at that scale like that, it is still impossible for us to see the core, which is still very, very small. If we really want to see it, then we must change the scale again. Cherry representing atoms, should be enlarged again become a giant ball with a diameter of 200 meters. Even in a scale that is difficult to believe this too, the core of the atoms no bigger than a grain of dust. 15
As small as that, so when we compare the core diameter and 10-13 cm diameter of an atom is 10-8 cm, we arrive at the following result: if we assume that the atom was a ball, and if we want to meet with the core of this sphere, then we would require 1015 (1 billion. 000 000) core to fill it. 1
Yet there is one thing more surprising: although the size is one ten-billionth the size of the atom, the mass of the core includes an atomic mass of 99.95%. How could something that occupied almost the entire mass, on the other hand, almost no space?
The reason is that includes the mass of the atom density is not spread evenly throughout the atom. Almost the entire mass of atoms accumulated in the nucleus. Say, you have a house of 10 billion square meters, and you have to put all the furniture in the house to a room of one square meter. Can you do it? Of course not.
but the nucleus of the atom can do this thanks to the great styles that are different from other styles in the universe. This style is the strong nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces in the universe that we mentioned in previous chapters.
We have examined that this style, the most powerful force in nature, keeping the nucleus remains intact and no decomposition occurs. All protons in the nucleus has a positive charge and they repel because the electromagnetic force. However, because of the strong nuclear force is one hundred times stronger than the repulsive force of protons, the electromagnetic force becomes ineffective, and the protons remain in orbit.
In conclusion, there are two powerful forces that interact in the atom is too small to see. The core may remain intact thanks to the value of these styles appropriately.
If we compare the size of atoms and the number of atoms in the universe, impossible to ignore that there is a balance and exceptional design that is at work. It is obvious that the fundamental forces in the universe has been specially created with great wisdom and power. For those who do not want to believe, can only state that all these came into being because of "coincidences". However, scientifically probability calculations have suggested that the balance in the universe formed by "chance" chances are "0" All this is clear evidence of the existence of God and the perfection of His creation.
My Lord encompasses all things in knowledge. So if you can not take lessons. (Surat al-An `am, 6:80)
Space in the Atom
As mentioned previously, the bulk of the atoms is space. This raises the same question on everyone: why is there a space as it is? Let us think. In a simple sentence, the atom consists of a core, surrounded by electrons. No there is nothing else between the nucleus and the electrons. Microscopic distance "where there is not anything", actually very large in the atomic scale. We can model this scale is as follows: If a marble is one centimeter in diameter represents the electron closest to the core, the core will be located one kilometer away from the marbles are .17 We can cite the example below to clarify the comparative proficiency level:
There is a space lying between the basic particles. When I think of the proton of an oxygen nucleus as the "head of a pin" located on the table in front of me, then the electrons moving around it to form a circle, would pass through the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain (The writer is living in France). Therefore, if all the atoms that make up my body came together so close to touch each other, you will not be able to see me again. You really will never be able to see me with the naked eye. I will be as small as dust particles are size of a several thousand millimeters .18
At this point, we realize that there are similarities between the largest and the smallest spaces that we know in the universe. When we turn our eyes to the stars, once again we see a void similar to that of the atom. There are billions of miles either void between stars and between galaxies. However, in both of these voids, an order that is beyond human understanding is evident.
Inside the Nucleus: Protons and Neutrons
Until 1932, thought that the nucleus consists of protons and electrons. Later found that it is not electrons but neutrons in the nucleus besides the protons. (A famous scientist, Chadwick, proving the existence of neutrons in the nucleus in 1932 and he received the Nobel Prize for this discovery). Humans introduced to the real atomic structure only recently.
Have Mentioned before how small is the nucleus of the atom. Proton size that can fit into the atomic nucleus is 10-15 m.
You might think that such a small particle would not be meaningful to a person's life. However, the particles are very small that humans can not imagine it forms the basis of everything that you see around you.
Source of diversity in the Universe
There are 109 elements that have been identified to date. The universe, our earth, and all things animate and inanimate, was formed with the preparation of 109 elements in various combinations. Until now we have seen that all elements are made of atoms that are similar to each other, while the atom is also made of the same particles. So, if all the atoms that make up the elements are made of particles of the same, whether the elements that make it different from each other and cause the formation of a substance that is very diverse?
Is the number of protons in the nucleus of atoms that principally differentiates the elements from one another. There is one proton in the hydrogen atom, the lightest element, two protons in the helium atom, the second lightest element, 79 protons in a gold atom, 8 protons in the atoms of oxygen, and 26 protons in the atoms of iron. That distinguish gold from iron, and iron from oxygen is just different numbers of protons in the atoms. The air we breathe, our bodies, plants and animals, the planets in space, living things and inanimate, bitter and sweet, solid and liquid, and so on ... everything is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The Borderline of Physical Existence: the Quarks
Until 20 years ago, believed that the smallest particles that make up atoms are protons and neutrons. But recently, it was found that there is a much smaller particles inside the atoms that make up the particles mentioned above.
This discovery led to development of a branch of physics called "Particle Physics" investigating "sub-particles" in the atoms and their movements. Particle physics research revealed that protons and neutrons that make up atoms are actually formed of sub-particles called quarks.
Research in the field of "particle physics" is underway to solve the secret world of subatomic particles. However, even with all the intelligence, awareness and knowledge of man, recently we only managed to find the basic particles that make up everything, including ourselves. Furthermore, the more we observe these particles, the more detailed the subject, and us in the lurch by the boundary dimensions 10-18 m of the quarks. So, what lies beyond this limit?
Today, the scientists had put forward various hypotheses about this subject, but as mentioned above, this limit is the farthest point that we can achieve in the material universe. Everything beyond this point can only be expressed as energy rather than matter. The important thing is that man finds, in a location that can only be found after all the technological means at his disposal - the balance outstanding and the laws of physics that has been running like clockwork. Furthermore, this location is inside the atoms, which are the building blocks of all matter in the universe, including living creatures.
Humans are just beginning to realize the perfect mechanism to function without fail in the organs and systems in his own body. Discovery of the mechanisms of the cells forming these structures are only a few decades ago. Creation that looks great on the atoms of cells, the protons and neutrons in atoms, and quarks in the particles, so perfect that it surprised everyone, regardless of whether he believes or not. The basic point to consider here is that all these perfect mechanisms run regularly every second throughout the human life, without interference, and utterly beyond his control. This fact is a proof for every person who uses his conscience and his knowledge that all was created and governed by God, Owner of the supreme power and knowledge.
"Everything in heaven and on earth has always ask Him. Every time in rushing him. Which favors of your Lord will you Which you deny?" (Surat AR-Rah-man, 55: 29-30)
Another aspect of Atoms: Electrons
Electrons are particles that rotate and evolve / revolves around an atomic nucleus as well as the earth rotates on its axis and also rotates around the sun. This rotation, such rotation of the planet, it runs constantly and very organized in pathways, which we call the orbit. However, comparison of the size of the earth and the sun is very different from the atomic scale. To make a comparison between the size of the electron and the size of the earth, if we enlarge an atom of earth, then the electrons will only apples for .19
Dozens of electrons that evolved in the area is so small that no visible while utilizing the most advanced microscopes create a very complex traffic inside the atom. The most amazing thing here is that these electrons surrounding the nucleus like a shield of electric charge, never had a small accident. In fact, any small accident inside the atom can lead to disaster for the atom. But such an accident never happened. The whole operation runs smoothly. The electrons that surround the core with a shock speed of 1,000 km / sec, never collide with each other. It is amazing that these electrons, which are not different from each other, rotating in its own orbit, and this is clearly the result of a "conscious creation". If they have different masses and speeds, perhaps natural that they have different orbits around the nucleus. For example, the order of the planets in our solar system follows this logic. The planets that have masses and speeds different from each other by themselves have different orbits around the sun. But the case of electrons in the atom is entirely different from these planets. All electrons are both correct but have different orbits around the nucleus: How were they to follow this path accurately, how they can not collide with each other even though they are so small and move at incredible speeds? This question brings us to a single conclusion: the only truth that we see in a unique order and balance of this complex is perfect creation by God.
"He is Allah the Creator, The Hold, The Shaping Arts, The Names Have The Most Good. Remix Him what is in the heavens and on earth. And He is the Mighty, Wise." (Surat al-Hashr, 59:24)
Electrons are tiny particles, measuring nearly half-thousand measure neutrons and protons. An atom has a number of electrons and protons are equal and each negatively charged electrons are equivalent to positive charge contained in each proton. The total positive charge on the nucleus and the total negative charge on the electron cancel each other out and become neutral atoms.
The electric charge makes the electrons obey the laws of physics. One of the laws of physics is "the same electrical charge repel each other and opposite charges attract each other".
First, under normal conditions, the electrons, all negatively charged, repel each other should follow this law and get away from the core. However, this does not happen. When electrons are detached from the core, then the universe would consist of protons, neutrons and electrons that roam freely in empty space. Second, the positively charged nucleus that should attract the electrons are negatively charged, so electrons will be attached to the core. In this case, the nucleus would attract all the electrons and the atom would implode.
However, none of this happens. Remarkable speed electrons mentioned above (1,000 km / sec), the force repelling the electrons released by the fellow, and the force of attraction between the nucleus and electrons, are the values that are so precise that the three factors opposing balance each other perfectly. As a result, the system is extraordinary in the atom runs without failure. Even if the value of one of the forces acting on the atom more or less than it should, the atoms would not exist.
In addition to these factors, if there are no nuclear forces binding protons and neutrons in the nucleus, protons having equal charges could not even come close to each other, let alone binds in the nucleus. In the same way, the neutrons will not be attached to the core. As a result, there will be no nucleus and therefore, there is no atom.
All calculations are indications that an atom is not idle but acts under the perfect control of Allah. If not, inevitable that the universe we live in is doomed to extinction before it begins. This process will turn around at the beginning and the universe will not be formed. But God, the Creator of all things, the Almighty and the Almighty, establish a very precise balance in the atom as he sets out all of the balance in the universe, for which the atoms continue to exist in perfect order.
Scientists have been giving their best efforts for years to uncover the secrets of the balance set by God, and so far only managed to give a name to the symptoms observed as "the electromagnetic force," "strong nuclear force", "weak nuclear force" , and "mass attraction force" ... But, as mentioned in the introduction to this book, no one thought to the question "Why?" Why are these forces operate at a certain intensity under certain rules? Why is the area subject to these forces, the rules that they obey, and intensity of these forces, a harmony that is so great? "
Scientists were desperate in the face of all these questions because they can do is guess at the order in which events occur. Their research, however, gave rise to an indisputable fact. Every point in the universe shows the interference of intelligence and will of the owner, who does not let a single atom was unemployed. There is a single force that keeps all of these styles in harmony, and that is Allah, Who holds all power and authority. God manifest His power wherever and whenever He wills He wills. The whole universe, from the smallest atom to the galaxy of endless able to continue its existence only because God's will and care.
Indeed the exchange of the night and day, and on what
God created the heavens and on earth, actually there are signs
(His power) for those who fear Him.
(Qur'an, 10:6)
In the Qur'an, Allah states that there is no power but Him and He announces the punishment for those who, because of their ignorance, assume that helpless creature (living or dead) which Allah has created independent power and strength from Him, and to attribute characteristics of the divine in them.
"And if ever the people who do wrong at the time when they see the punishment (on the day), that power belongs to Allah, and that Allah is severe in punishment (they would regret it)." (Surat Al - baqarah, 2: 165)
So far, no scientist is able to explain the cause and source of the forces in the atom and therefore in the universe anyway, and why certain styles of play at certain moments. Conducted by science is to make observations, measure and fabricate "names" for their findings.
PARTICLE-PARTICLE accelerated
Accelerators and impactor
Assessment of the particles that are the building blocks of matter is possible by investigating the particles millions of times smaller than atoms.
A study of microscopic particles can only be done by using particle physics experimental equipment is very complex and large. In such a complicated experiment that can only be done with extensive computer use.
High-energy particle physics is the science that studies the building blocks of matter and the interactions between them. Recent experiments carried out with the aid of sophisticated new technologies allow us to quickly expand our knowledge about the composition of matter.
Research on the physics of particle acceleration in the laboratory particle diameter for miles. Inside the accelerator, the charged particles - mostly protons and electrons - accelerated to very high velocity through the electromagnetic field and directed at the cloud chamber. The particles are accelerated and then collided with a target made permanent or with others. The particles are broken as a result of these collisions will be tested with various detector systems.
Accelerator and detector technology, the rapidly increasing sophistication since 1950, making possible high-energy collisions. The study of these collisions by the detector system further pave the way for the discovery that protons and neutrons, which is known as the base material, has a sub-structure consisting of particles, called quarks. Measurements were taken at a high energy level provide opportunities for scientists to study the composition of matter at distances as small as one hundredth of the radius of the proton. Accelerator laboratory found only in a few centers in the world for the establishment and operation are very expensive. Most important is the CERN (Geneva), DESY (Hamburg), Fermilab, FNAL (Chicago) and SLC (California). The high-energy physicists to follow this experimental study at these centers in large groups and learn the secrets of the atom. Among these labs, SLC diameter 3 km and 27 km CERN. However, the winner in a competition of this size is a U.S. project, the SSC is being built in central Texas, United States, with a diameter of about 85 km. Equipment costs increased in proportion to the size (for the SSC, the figure is close to 6 billion dollars) 20.
"Naming" as it is considered a major discovery in the world of science. Though scientists do not attempt to establish a new balance in the universe or build a new system, but just an attempt to understand and decipher the secret of a real balance in the cosmos. What they do is simply observe one of the wonders of countless of God's creation in the universe and renamed it. The scientists who detected the system or structure created by God were given various scientific prizes, respected and admired. In this case, that should really be respected, without any doubt, Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, who created the system from nothing into existence, complete with a balance of highly complex and constantly creating incredible miracle.
"Surely, in exchange of the night and day, and on what God created the heavens and the earth, actually there are signs (of his power) for those who fear Him." (Surah Yunus, 10: 6)
Electron Orbit
Dozens of electrons, the spinning and orbiting in a region not observed even by the most sophisticated microscopes, create an extremely complex traffic inside the atom as we mentioned earlier. But traffic is so irregular, is unparalleled by most systematic city traffic. Electrons never collide with each other, because each electron has its own orbit and the orbits are not identical.
There are seven layers of electrons around the atomic nucleus. The number of electrons that never changed in seven skin is determined by a mathematical formula: 2N2. The maximum number of electrons that may exist in each skin has been determined by this formula (n indicates the number of electron shells).
ELECTRON LIFE HELPING PEOPLE
Electricity is one of the most important part of our lives. It seems we can not do anything without him. Our lives are tied to electricity when we are eating, watching TV, traveling from one place to another or cleaning the house. We pushed the button and everything around us becomes light. You press another button, and all electrical appliances to work. Form of electricity that we use every time is called electric current. What makes this happen is the flow of electrons we are talking about since the beginning of this book. Electricity is the flow which is formed from the movement of charged electrons and negatively charged ions. Equipment such as televisions and refrigerators in every day use electricity needs of 1-2 Ampere. So, what does this number? A current of 1 Ampere / sec means the transmission 6 billion times a billion electrons per second from a certain area. This is a million times greater than for a bolt of lightning.
That an infinite number of electron shells of atoms making up the universe loyal to the same number by following the formula 2N2, showing regularity. That there is no chaos occurs inside the atom, although the electrons move with incredible speed, it also shows unique order. This is the same regularity can not be considered as a coincidence. The only explanation for the existence of this order is that God created everything as a manifestation of His power in order and harmony as the Koran. God refers to His created order in the verses of the Qur'an:
"Allah has appointed a measure for all things." (Surah Ath-Thaalaq, 65: 3)
"He has created everything, and he determined it most exactly." (Surat al-Furqaan, 25: 2)
"And all things in His sight size. The Knower of the Unseen and the visible; again Almighty Most High." (Surat ar-R'ad, 14: 8-9)
"And We have spread out the earth and make him the mountains that we everything grow according to size." (Surat al-Hijr, 15: 19)
"The sun and the moon follow courses (exactly) computed." (Surat Ar-Rahman, 55: 5)
"And God raised the heavens, and He put the Balance (justice)" (Surah Ar-Rahman, 55: 7)
As mentioned verse, God, King of the whole world, He Who created all things in proportion, size, and perfect regularity. The proportion and size of these cover the whole universe, from the smallest subatomic particles, until the giant objects in space: the solar system, galaxies, and everything in between them. Strength, knowledge, and artistic taste of God's vast and limitless is what generates all that. God introduced His nature to mankind in size, regularity, and perfect balance on the creature and the system that created him. He showed endless strength before our eyes. This is the truth that human beings should be addressed by the research and its scientific calculations.
Waves or Particles?
When electrons were first discovered, these particles are considered the same as protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. However, in subsequent experiments, it was found that they exhibit wave characteristics like light particles, namely photons. Then, Quantum Physics conclude that each particle is also a wave form with a certain frequency.
It is known that light propagates in the same way as waves on the surface of the water when a stone thrown into the lake. However, sometimes light and matter particles have the characteristics observed in the form of sporadic and periodic pulses like drops of rain that falls from the window sills. This same dichotomy occurs also on the electron, which raises considerable doubt in the scientific world. Explanation Richard P. Feynman was a famous professor of Theoretical Physics alleviate this confusion:
Now we know how the behavior of electrons and light. But how do I call? If I say they behave like particles I give the wrong impression; so if I say they behave like waves. They behave in their unique way, which technically can be called a quantum mechanical way. They exhibit behaviors that you've never seen before .... An atom does not behave like a load-dependent spring and swinging. Also unlike a mini model of the solar system with little planets revolved around its orbit. Nor does it seem like a mist or cloud surrounding the nucleus. Atoms behave unlike anything you've ever seen before. But at least there is simplification. Electrons behave in this case with exactly the same way as photons; both are odd, but with the same strangeness. So it takes imagination to appreciate their behavior, because we will describe something different from anything you ever knew. 21
SIGNS OF AL-QURAN
When studying the electron shell, we must also consider that explain this verse in the Qur'an. There are seven layers of electrons around the atomic nucleus. In every shell there are certain number of electrons. Could it be a statement of "seven heavens" is used in the Quran to describe the layers that make up the sky, intended also as an electron shells as if the heavens of the atom? (Surat al-Mulk, 67:3)
This number never changes. Never to 6 or 8. Here, the most miraculous is that the number seven electron shells is in accordance with this paragraph.
Because scientists have never been able to explain the behavior of electrons, as the solution they gave him a new name: "Movement of Quantum Mechanics". Let us quote again the words of Professor Feynman with these words express the extraordinary nature of the electron and the awe he felt:
Do not keep saying to yourself, if you still can avoid it, "how could such behavior?" because you will "get lost", came to an impasse that no one made it out. No one knows how could such behavior .22
However, the deadlock is called Feynman actually not the case. The reason why some people do not find a way out of this dilemma is that even if there is real evidence, they can not accept that the system and the balance outstanding is held by the Almighty Creator. The situation is very clear: God created the universe, complete with exceptional balance and made into existence without any previous example. The answer to the question of scientists' how could such behavior? " that can never be solved or understood, lies in the fact that God is the Creator of all things, and that everything exists only because of his command "Be!"
"God created the heavens and the earth, and if He wills (to create) something, then (enough) He just said to him: 'Be'. And it is." (Surat al-Baqara, 2: 117)
Colorful World Gate Opened by Electrons
Have you ever thought how to live in a world without color? Just imagine if your body is, the people around you, sea, sky, trees, flowers, in short, all black. You do not want to live in a world like that, right?
What makes this world colorful? How the colors that make the world appear so beautiful?
Certain characteristics that exist in the material allows us to capture the colored object. Color was formed as a natural result of certain movements of electrons in the atom. You may be thinking "What does the movement of electrons with the color?". Let us explain this relationship
Electrons evolved only in electron shells. We just mention that there are seven electron shells. Each electron shell has a certain energy level, which varies depending on the distance of the skin to the core. The closer the electron shell with the core, the smaller the energy of electrons, and the farther the distance to the nucleus, the greater the energy of electrons.
Each electron shell has a "sub-skin (sub-shells)", in which the electrons from the skin as it moves constantly.
One needs to receive external energy electrons that can move from one skin to another skin. This energy source called "photons".
In simplest terms, the photons are "particles of light". Every star in this universe is a source photons. Photon sources are most important to our world is, of course, the sun. Photon spread to all corners of the sky from the sun with a speed of 300,000 miles per second.
When photons from the sun it arrives on Earth and an object hit the atoms in the earth, sometimes atomic electrons begin to move. If the electrons which can move with the help of this energy to the skin jump higher energy and return to his native skin, it will emit photons, which form a color that will caught your eye. Any process that has been summarized in a few sentences above has been going on since the beginning of creation without failure. Each step runs under intense planning and follow rules. If one part of the interaction between electrons and photons do not work, the universe will be dark and without color.
Let us step back sort of work that must happen to follow the plan and regularly to the formation of colored universe, rather than dark.
# The light coming from the sun to the earth in the form of photon particles diffuse. Photon particles are spread throughout the earth and collide with atoms of matter.
# Photons can not move much in the atom. They ran down the electrons orbiting the nucleus.
# Electrons absorb (absorb) photons that crashed into him.
# When the electrons take energy from the photons are absorbed before, he jumped into another skin that has a higher energy level.
# These electrons try to return to her old house.
# If returning to its original skin, it emits a photon of energy load.
# Photons emitted by these electrons determines the color of an object.
Seventy percent of light that reaches our planet from the sun is very appropriate portion to the survival of life on earth.
To summarize, the color of an object consisting of a mixture of particles of light that is absorbed and then emitted by this object, and reaches our eyes. The color of objects that do not emit its own light but reflect the light it receives from the sun depends on two things: the light it receives and the changes he has made in this light. When an object is illuminated with white light appears "red", this is because the object absorbs a large portion of the mixture which reached him from the sun and emits only red only. The definition of "absorbing" is as follows:
As mentioned previously, each having sub-skin leather and electrons move between the sub-sub-skin leather. Each skin has a certain energy level and electrons carry as much energy as the energy levels allowed by the skin that they pivot around. Skin that is more distant from the core has a greater energy. When one room for one electron becomes available at a higher skin, electron suddenly disappeared, and then reappear in the subshell with a higher energy level. But, so electrons can do this, it must increase its energy to the level requested by the skin of the goal. Electrons will increase its energy by absorbing (swallowing) photon particles from the sun.
We can make the situation more clearly with some examples. Let us consider the Morpho butterfly. Pigment on the butterflies absorb all sunlight and re-emit only the blue. When particles of light to the reflected color of the eye reaches the retina, they are converted into electrical signals by the cone cells in the retina in a way that captured the color blue and then sent to the brain. Finally, the blue color is formed in the brain.
This means that the color of an object depends on the character of the light emitted from the light source and how much of this light re-emitted by the object. For example, the color of a dress is not the same when viewed under sunlight and under the store lights. If an object is considered black by our brains, it means that this object absorbs all the light from the sun and nothing is reflected. Similarly, if the object reflects all the light from the sun and do not absorb it at all, then the brain we catch the white color of the object. In this case, the things we need to look are as follows:
# The color of an object depends on the properties of light emitted by light sources.
# The color of an object depends on the reaction of electron-electron molecule in its structure, for example, what light will be absorbed by these electrons and the light of what is not absorbed.
# The color of an object depends on how our brain to capture photons on the retina.
Here, let us pause and think again.
Electrons that evolved with amazing speed around the nucleus, which is a material that is too small to be seen the eyes, suddenly disappeared from her skin and jump to another place called the sub-skin. Also needed space on the sub-skin to leap. Electrons gain energy needed during the process by absorbing photons. Then he went back to its original orbit. During this action, it becomes something that is considered the human eye as colors. Furthermore, the atoms, amounting to trillions of these continue to do it every time, hence we see the "image" unbroken.
The mechanism of this stunning work is unmatched any man-made machines. A clock, for example, has a very complicated mechanism, and all parts (gears, discs, nuts, bolts, etc.) should be placed in the right location and in a proper way so that the clock works fine. If there are problems, though small, in the clock mechanism will be disturbed. But, when we think about the atomic structure and how the mechanism of electron-electron work, the simplicity of the structure of the clock can be better understood. As already mentioned, the mechanism of electrons is too complex, perfect, and flawless to be compared with any system of man-made. Clearly, a system with complexity is so amazing and so perfect is not running may appear spontaneously, as a result of accidental events such as the materialist scientists say. Now let us ask this question: When you walk in the desert and see a watch lying on the ground, whether you would think that the clock was formed from dust, sand, soil and rock by chance? No one would think that, because of the design and knowledge of the hour is too obvious. In fact, the design and knowledge in an atom as mentioned above is superior to anything man-made mechanism. The owner of this knowledge is God, who has supreme knowledge, who know, see, and made everything.
God created each "place" well we can see and that we can not see, with the goal of art is infinite and He gives grace to the countless we use, whether we realize it or not. Ins and outs of color that we have not known before, and we feel no need to learn it, has drawn our attention to detail and complexity as knowledge develops. It is inevitable that the development and advancement of science should cause everyone who uses reason and conscience to believe in the existence of God. Nevertheless, there are still people who ignore the breadth of arts and science goals that can be observed everywhere in the universe. A famous scientist, Louis Pasteur, provides interesting commentary on this by saying, "Science is a little distance you from God, but the knowledge that the closer you are to him" .23
When a person learn more about the examples of creation around him, he will better understand that God surrounded him from all directions, he set the whole affair in the heavens and the earth, and control everything. It understands that human life would be taken and received a reply to what he was doing in the world. When the believer is more familiar with the innumerable phenomena taking place around him, his admiration for Allah's knowledge increases. Admiration is a very important step towards recognition of the strength and unlimited power belong to Allah, and fear Him. This is stated in the Qur'an:
"Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky and the rain that we produce the fruits of varying colors. And among the mountains there are streaks white and red variety of colors and some are black and so ( anyway) among humans, animals, reptiles and livestock animals are a variety of colors (and kind). Surely the fear of God among His servants, only the clergy. Allah is Mighty, Forgiving. " (Surah Fatir, 35: 27-28)
Photons from the sun that hit the object on the earth's structure allows us to see the world full of color.
Air, water, mountains, animals, plants, our bodies, we sit on chairs, in short everything we see, we conjecture, and we taste, ranging from the heaviest to the lightest is formed of atoms. Each page of the book you are holding consists of billions of atoms. Atoms are particles so small that not likely to be seen even using the most advanced microscopes. The diameter of an atom is only one millionth of a millimeter.
It is impossible for humans to imagine this size. Therefore, let us try to explain with an example:
Imagine you are holding a lock. No doubt, you could not see the atoms in this key. If you still want to see it, then you have to enlarge this key resembles the earth. Once you lock the size of the earth, then every atom in it the size of cherries. 13
Let us consider another example in order to understand the smallness of this, and how all places and all things are filled with atoms:
Let's say we want to count all the atoms in a grain of salt, and suppose that we can count one billion atoms per second. Although we are very nimble, it will take more than five hundred years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt. 14
Then, there inside a small structure?
Although very small, in the atom there is a flawless system, unique, and complex in its sophistication comparable to the system that we see in the universe in general.
Each atom is made up of a core and a number of electrons moving in orbit at great distances from the nucleus. At the core there are other particles called protons and neutrons.
In this chapter, we will observe the atomic structure of the incredible which is the basis of all living and dead, and seeing how atoms combine to form molecules and eventually the material.
Contained in the core strengths
The nucleus is located right in the center of the atom and consists of a number of protons and neutrons depending on the properties of these atoms. The radius of the nucleus is about a thousandth of the radius of the atom. To express it in numbers, the radius of an atom is 10-8 (0.00000001) cm, and the radius of the core is 10-12 (0.000000000001) cm. Therefore, the core volume is equal to one ten-billionth of the volume per atom.
Because we can not imagine the magnitude (or rather small) numbers, let's take the example of the cherry. Let's look inside the atomic nucleus that has us imagine the size of cherries when the key in your hand for the earth. Even at that scale like that, it is still impossible for us to see the core, which is still very, very small. If we really want to see it, then we must change the scale again. Cherry representing atoms, should be enlarged again become a giant ball with a diameter of 200 meters. Even in a scale that is difficult to believe this too, the core of the atoms no bigger than a grain of dust. 15
As small as that, so when we compare the core diameter and 10-13 cm diameter of an atom is 10-8 cm, we arrive at the following result: if we assume that the atom was a ball, and if we want to meet with the core of this sphere, then we would require 1015 (1 billion. 000 000) core to fill it. 1
Yet there is one thing more surprising: although the size is one ten-billionth the size of the atom, the mass of the core includes an atomic mass of 99.95%. How could something that occupied almost the entire mass, on the other hand, almost no space?
The reason is that includes the mass of the atom density is not spread evenly throughout the atom. Almost the entire mass of atoms accumulated in the nucleus. Say, you have a house of 10 billion square meters, and you have to put all the furniture in the house to a room of one square meter. Can you do it? Of course not.
but the nucleus of the atom can do this thanks to the great styles that are different from other styles in the universe. This style is the strong nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces in the universe that we mentioned in previous chapters.
We have examined that this style, the most powerful force in nature, keeping the nucleus remains intact and no decomposition occurs. All protons in the nucleus has a positive charge and they repel because the electromagnetic force. However, because of the strong nuclear force is one hundred times stronger than the repulsive force of protons, the electromagnetic force becomes ineffective, and the protons remain in orbit.
In conclusion, there are two powerful forces that interact in the atom is too small to see. The core may remain intact thanks to the value of these styles appropriately.
If we compare the size of atoms and the number of atoms in the universe, impossible to ignore that there is a balance and exceptional design that is at work. It is obvious that the fundamental forces in the universe has been specially created with great wisdom and power. For those who do not want to believe, can only state that all these came into being because of "coincidences". However, scientifically probability calculations have suggested that the balance in the universe formed by "chance" chances are "0" All this is clear evidence of the existence of God and the perfection of His creation.
My Lord encompasses all things in knowledge. So if you can not take lessons. (Surat al-An `am, 6:80)
Space in the Atom
As mentioned previously, the bulk of the atoms is space. This raises the same question on everyone: why is there a space as it is? Let us think. In a simple sentence, the atom consists of a core, surrounded by electrons. No there is nothing else between the nucleus and the electrons. Microscopic distance "where there is not anything", actually very large in the atomic scale. We can model this scale is as follows: If a marble is one centimeter in diameter represents the electron closest to the core, the core will be located one kilometer away from the marbles are .17 We can cite the example below to clarify the comparative proficiency level:
There is a space lying between the basic particles. When I think of the proton of an oxygen nucleus as the "head of a pin" located on the table in front of me, then the electrons moving around it to form a circle, would pass through the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain (The writer is living in France). Therefore, if all the atoms that make up my body came together so close to touch each other, you will not be able to see me again. You really will never be able to see me with the naked eye. I will be as small as dust particles are size of a several thousand millimeters .18
At this point, we realize that there are similarities between the largest and the smallest spaces that we know in the universe. When we turn our eyes to the stars, once again we see a void similar to that of the atom. There are billions of miles either void between stars and between galaxies. However, in both of these voids, an order that is beyond human understanding is evident.
Inside the Nucleus: Protons and Neutrons
Until 1932, thought that the nucleus consists of protons and electrons. Later found that it is not electrons but neutrons in the nucleus besides the protons. (A famous scientist, Chadwick, proving the existence of neutrons in the nucleus in 1932 and he received the Nobel Prize for this discovery). Humans introduced to the real atomic structure only recently.
Have Mentioned before how small is the nucleus of the atom. Proton size that can fit into the atomic nucleus is 10-15 m.
You might think that such a small particle would not be meaningful to a person's life. However, the particles are very small that humans can not imagine it forms the basis of everything that you see around you.
Source of diversity in the Universe
There are 109 elements that have been identified to date. The universe, our earth, and all things animate and inanimate, was formed with the preparation of 109 elements in various combinations. Until now we have seen that all elements are made of atoms that are similar to each other, while the atom is also made of the same particles. So, if all the atoms that make up the elements are made of particles of the same, whether the elements that make it different from each other and cause the formation of a substance that is very diverse?
Is the number of protons in the nucleus of atoms that principally differentiates the elements from one another. There is one proton in the hydrogen atom, the lightest element, two protons in the helium atom, the second lightest element, 79 protons in a gold atom, 8 protons in the atoms of oxygen, and 26 protons in the atoms of iron. That distinguish gold from iron, and iron from oxygen is just different numbers of protons in the atoms. The air we breathe, our bodies, plants and animals, the planets in space, living things and inanimate, bitter and sweet, solid and liquid, and so on ... everything is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The Borderline of Physical Existence: the Quarks
Until 20 years ago, believed that the smallest particles that make up atoms are protons and neutrons. But recently, it was found that there is a much smaller particles inside the atoms that make up the particles mentioned above.
This discovery led to development of a branch of physics called "Particle Physics" investigating "sub-particles" in the atoms and their movements. Particle physics research revealed that protons and neutrons that make up atoms are actually formed of sub-particles called quarks.
Research in the field of "particle physics" is underway to solve the secret world of subatomic particles. However, even with all the intelligence, awareness and knowledge of man, recently we only managed to find the basic particles that make up everything, including ourselves. Furthermore, the more we observe these particles, the more detailed the subject, and us in the lurch by the boundary dimensions 10-18 m of the quarks. So, what lies beyond this limit?
Today, the scientists had put forward various hypotheses about this subject, but as mentioned above, this limit is the farthest point that we can achieve in the material universe. Everything beyond this point can only be expressed as energy rather than matter. The important thing is that man finds, in a location that can only be found after all the technological means at his disposal - the balance outstanding and the laws of physics that has been running like clockwork. Furthermore, this location is inside the atoms, which are the building blocks of all matter in the universe, including living creatures.
Humans are just beginning to realize the perfect mechanism to function without fail in the organs and systems in his own body. Discovery of the mechanisms of the cells forming these structures are only a few decades ago. Creation that looks great on the atoms of cells, the protons and neutrons in atoms, and quarks in the particles, so perfect that it surprised everyone, regardless of whether he believes or not. The basic point to consider here is that all these perfect mechanisms run regularly every second throughout the human life, without interference, and utterly beyond his control. This fact is a proof for every person who uses his conscience and his knowledge that all was created and governed by God, Owner of the supreme power and knowledge.
"Everything in heaven and on earth has always ask Him. Every time in rushing him. Which favors of your Lord will you Which you deny?" (Surat AR-Rah-man, 55: 29-30)
Another aspect of Atoms: Electrons
Electrons are particles that rotate and evolve / revolves around an atomic nucleus as well as the earth rotates on its axis and also rotates around the sun. This rotation, such rotation of the planet, it runs constantly and very organized in pathways, which we call the orbit. However, comparison of the size of the earth and the sun is very different from the atomic scale. To make a comparison between the size of the electron and the size of the earth, if we enlarge an atom of earth, then the electrons will only apples for .19
Dozens of electrons that evolved in the area is so small that no visible while utilizing the most advanced microscopes create a very complex traffic inside the atom. The most amazing thing here is that these electrons surrounding the nucleus like a shield of electric charge, never had a small accident. In fact, any small accident inside the atom can lead to disaster for the atom. But such an accident never happened. The whole operation runs smoothly. The electrons that surround the core with a shock speed of 1,000 km / sec, never collide with each other. It is amazing that these electrons, which are not different from each other, rotating in its own orbit, and this is clearly the result of a "conscious creation". If they have different masses and speeds, perhaps natural that they have different orbits around the nucleus. For example, the order of the planets in our solar system follows this logic. The planets that have masses and speeds different from each other by themselves have different orbits around the sun. But the case of electrons in the atom is entirely different from these planets. All electrons are both correct but have different orbits around the nucleus: How were they to follow this path accurately, how they can not collide with each other even though they are so small and move at incredible speeds? This question brings us to a single conclusion: the only truth that we see in a unique order and balance of this complex is perfect creation by God.
"He is Allah the Creator, The Hold, The Shaping Arts, The Names Have The Most Good. Remix Him what is in the heavens and on earth. And He is the Mighty, Wise." (Surat al-Hashr, 59:24)
Electrons are tiny particles, measuring nearly half-thousand measure neutrons and protons. An atom has a number of electrons and protons are equal and each negatively charged electrons are equivalent to positive charge contained in each proton. The total positive charge on the nucleus and the total negative charge on the electron cancel each other out and become neutral atoms.
The electric charge makes the electrons obey the laws of physics. One of the laws of physics is "the same electrical charge repel each other and opposite charges attract each other".
First, under normal conditions, the electrons, all negatively charged, repel each other should follow this law and get away from the core. However, this does not happen. When electrons are detached from the core, then the universe would consist of protons, neutrons and electrons that roam freely in empty space. Second, the positively charged nucleus that should attract the electrons are negatively charged, so electrons will be attached to the core. In this case, the nucleus would attract all the electrons and the atom would implode.
However, none of this happens. Remarkable speed electrons mentioned above (1,000 km / sec), the force repelling the electrons released by the fellow, and the force of attraction between the nucleus and electrons, are the values that are so precise that the three factors opposing balance each other perfectly. As a result, the system is extraordinary in the atom runs without failure. Even if the value of one of the forces acting on the atom more or less than it should, the atoms would not exist.
In addition to these factors, if there are no nuclear forces binding protons and neutrons in the nucleus, protons having equal charges could not even come close to each other, let alone binds in the nucleus. In the same way, the neutrons will not be attached to the core. As a result, there will be no nucleus and therefore, there is no atom.
All calculations are indications that an atom is not idle but acts under the perfect control of Allah. If not, inevitable that the universe we live in is doomed to extinction before it begins. This process will turn around at the beginning and the universe will not be formed. But God, the Creator of all things, the Almighty and the Almighty, establish a very precise balance in the atom as he sets out all of the balance in the universe, for which the atoms continue to exist in perfect order.
Scientists have been giving their best efforts for years to uncover the secrets of the balance set by God, and so far only managed to give a name to the symptoms observed as "the electromagnetic force," "strong nuclear force", "weak nuclear force" , and "mass attraction force" ... But, as mentioned in the introduction to this book, no one thought to the question "Why?" Why are these forces operate at a certain intensity under certain rules? Why is the area subject to these forces, the rules that they obey, and intensity of these forces, a harmony that is so great? "
Scientists were desperate in the face of all these questions because they can do is guess at the order in which events occur. Their research, however, gave rise to an indisputable fact. Every point in the universe shows the interference of intelligence and will of the owner, who does not let a single atom was unemployed. There is a single force that keeps all of these styles in harmony, and that is Allah, Who holds all power and authority. God manifest His power wherever and whenever He wills He wills. The whole universe, from the smallest atom to the galaxy of endless able to continue its existence only because God's will and care.
Indeed the exchange of the night and day, and on what
God created the heavens and on earth, actually there are signs
(His power) for those who fear Him.
(Qur'an, 10:6)
In the Qur'an, Allah states that there is no power but Him and He announces the punishment for those who, because of their ignorance, assume that helpless creature (living or dead) which Allah has created independent power and strength from Him, and to attribute characteristics of the divine in them.
"And if ever the people who do wrong at the time when they see the punishment (on the day), that power belongs to Allah, and that Allah is severe in punishment (they would regret it)." (Surat Al - baqarah, 2: 165)
So far, no scientist is able to explain the cause and source of the forces in the atom and therefore in the universe anyway, and why certain styles of play at certain moments. Conducted by science is to make observations, measure and fabricate "names" for their findings.
PARTICLE-PARTICLE accelerated
Accelerators and impactor
Assessment of the particles that are the building blocks of matter is possible by investigating the particles millions of times smaller than atoms.
A study of microscopic particles can only be done by using particle physics experimental equipment is very complex and large. In such a complicated experiment that can only be done with extensive computer use.
High-energy particle physics is the science that studies the building blocks of matter and the interactions between them. Recent experiments carried out with the aid of sophisticated new technologies allow us to quickly expand our knowledge about the composition of matter.
Research on the physics of particle acceleration in the laboratory particle diameter for miles. Inside the accelerator, the charged particles - mostly protons and electrons - accelerated to very high velocity through the electromagnetic field and directed at the cloud chamber. The particles are accelerated and then collided with a target made permanent or with others. The particles are broken as a result of these collisions will be tested with various detector systems.
Accelerator and detector technology, the rapidly increasing sophistication since 1950, making possible high-energy collisions. The study of these collisions by the detector system further pave the way for the discovery that protons and neutrons, which is known as the base material, has a sub-structure consisting of particles, called quarks. Measurements were taken at a high energy level provide opportunities for scientists to study the composition of matter at distances as small as one hundredth of the radius of the proton. Accelerator laboratory found only in a few centers in the world for the establishment and operation are very expensive. Most important is the CERN (Geneva), DESY (Hamburg), Fermilab, FNAL (Chicago) and SLC (California). The high-energy physicists to follow this experimental study at these centers in large groups and learn the secrets of the atom. Among these labs, SLC diameter 3 km and 27 km CERN. However, the winner in a competition of this size is a U.S. project, the SSC is being built in central Texas, United States, with a diameter of about 85 km. Equipment costs increased in proportion to the size (for the SSC, the figure is close to 6 billion dollars) 20.
"Naming" as it is considered a major discovery in the world of science. Though scientists do not attempt to establish a new balance in the universe or build a new system, but just an attempt to understand and decipher the secret of a real balance in the cosmos. What they do is simply observe one of the wonders of countless of God's creation in the universe and renamed it. The scientists who detected the system or structure created by God were given various scientific prizes, respected and admired. In this case, that should really be respected, without any doubt, Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, who created the system from nothing into existence, complete with a balance of highly complex and constantly creating incredible miracle.
"Surely, in exchange of the night and day, and on what God created the heavens and the earth, actually there are signs (of his power) for those who fear Him." (Surah Yunus, 10: 6)
Electron Orbit
Dozens of electrons, the spinning and orbiting in a region not observed even by the most sophisticated microscopes, create an extremely complex traffic inside the atom as we mentioned earlier. But traffic is so irregular, is unparalleled by most systematic city traffic. Electrons never collide with each other, because each electron has its own orbit and the orbits are not identical.
There are seven layers of electrons around the atomic nucleus. The number of electrons that never changed in seven skin is determined by a mathematical formula: 2N2. The maximum number of electrons that may exist in each skin has been determined by this formula (n indicates the number of electron shells).
ELECTRON LIFE HELPING PEOPLE
Electricity is one of the most important part of our lives. It seems we can not do anything without him. Our lives are tied to electricity when we are eating, watching TV, traveling from one place to another or cleaning the house. We pushed the button and everything around us becomes light. You press another button, and all electrical appliances to work. Form of electricity that we use every time is called electric current. What makes this happen is the flow of electrons we are talking about since the beginning of this book. Electricity is the flow which is formed from the movement of charged electrons and negatively charged ions. Equipment such as televisions and refrigerators in every day use electricity needs of 1-2 Ampere. So, what does this number? A current of 1 Ampere / sec means the transmission 6 billion times a billion electrons per second from a certain area. This is a million times greater than for a bolt of lightning.
That an infinite number of electron shells of atoms making up the universe loyal to the same number by following the formula 2N2, showing regularity. That there is no chaos occurs inside the atom, although the electrons move with incredible speed, it also shows unique order. This is the same regularity can not be considered as a coincidence. The only explanation for the existence of this order is that God created everything as a manifestation of His power in order and harmony as the Koran. God refers to His created order in the verses of the Qur'an:
"Allah has appointed a measure for all things." (Surah Ath-Thaalaq, 65: 3)
"He has created everything, and he determined it most exactly." (Surat al-Furqaan, 25: 2)
"And all things in His sight size. The Knower of the Unseen and the visible; again Almighty Most High." (Surat ar-R'ad, 14: 8-9)
"And We have spread out the earth and make him the mountains that we everything grow according to size." (Surat al-Hijr, 15: 19)
"The sun and the moon follow courses (exactly) computed." (Surat Ar-Rahman, 55: 5)
"And God raised the heavens, and He put the Balance (justice)" (Surah Ar-Rahman, 55: 7)
As mentioned verse, God, King of the whole world, He Who created all things in proportion, size, and perfect regularity. The proportion and size of these cover the whole universe, from the smallest subatomic particles, until the giant objects in space: the solar system, galaxies, and everything in between them. Strength, knowledge, and artistic taste of God's vast and limitless is what generates all that. God introduced His nature to mankind in size, regularity, and perfect balance on the creature and the system that created him. He showed endless strength before our eyes. This is the truth that human beings should be addressed by the research and its scientific calculations.
Waves or Particles?
When electrons were first discovered, these particles are considered the same as protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. However, in subsequent experiments, it was found that they exhibit wave characteristics like light particles, namely photons. Then, Quantum Physics conclude that each particle is also a wave form with a certain frequency.
It is known that light propagates in the same way as waves on the surface of the water when a stone thrown into the lake. However, sometimes light and matter particles have the characteristics observed in the form of sporadic and periodic pulses like drops of rain that falls from the window sills. This same dichotomy occurs also on the electron, which raises considerable doubt in the scientific world. Explanation Richard P. Feynman was a famous professor of Theoretical Physics alleviate this confusion:
Now we know how the behavior of electrons and light. But how do I call? If I say they behave like particles I give the wrong impression; so if I say they behave like waves. They behave in their unique way, which technically can be called a quantum mechanical way. They exhibit behaviors that you've never seen before .... An atom does not behave like a load-dependent spring and swinging. Also unlike a mini model of the solar system with little planets revolved around its orbit. Nor does it seem like a mist or cloud surrounding the nucleus. Atoms behave unlike anything you've ever seen before. But at least there is simplification. Electrons behave in this case with exactly the same way as photons; both are odd, but with the same strangeness. So it takes imagination to appreciate their behavior, because we will describe something different from anything you ever knew. 21
SIGNS OF AL-QURAN
When studying the electron shell, we must also consider that explain this verse in the Qur'an. There are seven layers of electrons around the atomic nucleus. In every shell there are certain number of electrons. Could it be a statement of "seven heavens" is used in the Quran to describe the layers that make up the sky, intended also as an electron shells as if the heavens of the atom? (Surat al-Mulk, 67:3)
This number never changes. Never to 6 or 8. Here, the most miraculous is that the number seven electron shells is in accordance with this paragraph.
Because scientists have never been able to explain the behavior of electrons, as the solution they gave him a new name: "Movement of Quantum Mechanics". Let us quote again the words of Professor Feynman with these words express the extraordinary nature of the electron and the awe he felt:
Do not keep saying to yourself, if you still can avoid it, "how could such behavior?" because you will "get lost", came to an impasse that no one made it out. No one knows how could such behavior .22
However, the deadlock is called Feynman actually not the case. The reason why some people do not find a way out of this dilemma is that even if there is real evidence, they can not accept that the system and the balance outstanding is held by the Almighty Creator. The situation is very clear: God created the universe, complete with exceptional balance and made into existence without any previous example. The answer to the question of scientists' how could such behavior? " that can never be solved or understood, lies in the fact that God is the Creator of all things, and that everything exists only because of his command "Be!"
"God created the heavens and the earth, and if He wills (to create) something, then (enough) He just said to him: 'Be'. And it is." (Surat al-Baqara, 2: 117)
Colorful World Gate Opened by Electrons
Have you ever thought how to live in a world without color? Just imagine if your body is, the people around you, sea, sky, trees, flowers, in short, all black. You do not want to live in a world like that, right?
What makes this world colorful? How the colors that make the world appear so beautiful?
Certain characteristics that exist in the material allows us to capture the colored object. Color was formed as a natural result of certain movements of electrons in the atom. You may be thinking "What does the movement of electrons with the color?". Let us explain this relationship
Electrons evolved only in electron shells. We just mention that there are seven electron shells. Each electron shell has a certain energy level, which varies depending on the distance of the skin to the core. The closer the electron shell with the core, the smaller the energy of electrons, and the farther the distance to the nucleus, the greater the energy of electrons.
Each electron shell has a "sub-skin (sub-shells)", in which the electrons from the skin as it moves constantly.
One needs to receive external energy electrons that can move from one skin to another skin. This energy source called "photons".
In simplest terms, the photons are "particles of light". Every star in this universe is a source photons. Photon sources are most important to our world is, of course, the sun. Photon spread to all corners of the sky from the sun with a speed of 300,000 miles per second.
When photons from the sun it arrives on Earth and an object hit the atoms in the earth, sometimes atomic electrons begin to move. If the electrons which can move with the help of this energy to the skin jump higher energy and return to his native skin, it will emit photons, which form a color that will caught your eye. Any process that has been summarized in a few sentences above has been going on since the beginning of creation without failure. Each step runs under intense planning and follow rules. If one part of the interaction between electrons and photons do not work, the universe will be dark and without color.
Let us step back sort of work that must happen to follow the plan and regularly to the formation of colored universe, rather than dark.
# The light coming from the sun to the earth in the form of photon particles diffuse. Photon particles are spread throughout the earth and collide with atoms of matter.
# Photons can not move much in the atom. They ran down the electrons orbiting the nucleus.
# Electrons absorb (absorb) photons that crashed into him.
# When the electrons take energy from the photons are absorbed before, he jumped into another skin that has a higher energy level.
# These electrons try to return to her old house.
# If returning to its original skin, it emits a photon of energy load.
# Photons emitted by these electrons determines the color of an object.
Seventy percent of light that reaches our planet from the sun is very appropriate portion to the survival of life on earth.
To summarize, the color of an object consisting of a mixture of particles of light that is absorbed and then emitted by this object, and reaches our eyes. The color of objects that do not emit its own light but reflect the light it receives from the sun depends on two things: the light it receives and the changes he has made in this light. When an object is illuminated with white light appears "red", this is because the object absorbs a large portion of the mixture which reached him from the sun and emits only red only. The definition of "absorbing" is as follows:
As mentioned previously, each having sub-skin leather and electrons move between the sub-sub-skin leather. Each skin has a certain energy level and electrons carry as much energy as the energy levels allowed by the skin that they pivot around. Skin that is more distant from the core has a greater energy. When one room for one electron becomes available at a higher skin, electron suddenly disappeared, and then reappear in the subshell with a higher energy level. But, so electrons can do this, it must increase its energy to the level requested by the skin of the goal. Electrons will increase its energy by absorbing (swallowing) photon particles from the sun.
We can make the situation more clearly with some examples. Let us consider the Morpho butterfly. Pigment on the butterflies absorb all sunlight and re-emit only the blue. When particles of light to the reflected color of the eye reaches the retina, they are converted into electrical signals by the cone cells in the retina in a way that captured the color blue and then sent to the brain. Finally, the blue color is formed in the brain.
# The color of an object depends on the properties of light emitted by light sources.
# The color of an object depends on the reaction of electron-electron molecule in its structure, for example, what light will be absorbed by these electrons and the light of what is not absorbed.
# The color of an object depends on how our brain to capture photons on the retina.
Here, let us pause and think again.
Electrons that evolved with amazing speed around the nucleus, which is a material that is too small to be seen the eyes, suddenly disappeared from her skin and jump to another place called the sub-skin. Also needed space on the sub-skin to leap. Electrons gain energy needed during the process by absorbing photons. Then he went back to its original orbit. During this action, it becomes something that is considered the human eye as colors. Furthermore, the atoms, amounting to trillions of these continue to do it every time, hence we see the "image" unbroken.
The mechanism of this stunning work is unmatched any man-made machines. A clock, for example, has a very complicated mechanism, and all parts (gears, discs, nuts, bolts, etc.) should be placed in the right location and in a proper way so that the clock works fine. If there are problems, though small, in the clock mechanism will be disturbed. But, when we think about the atomic structure and how the mechanism of electron-electron work, the simplicity of the structure of the clock can be better understood. As already mentioned, the mechanism of electrons is too complex, perfect, and flawless to be compared with any system of man-made. Clearly, a system with complexity is so amazing and so perfect is not running may appear spontaneously, as a result of accidental events such as the materialist scientists say. Now let us ask this question: When you walk in the desert and see a watch lying on the ground, whether you would think that the clock was formed from dust, sand, soil and rock by chance? No one would think that, because of the design and knowledge of the hour is too obvious. In fact, the design and knowledge in an atom as mentioned above is superior to anything man-made mechanism. The owner of this knowledge is God, who has supreme knowledge, who know, see, and made everything.
God created each "place" well we can see and that we can not see, with the goal of art is infinite and He gives grace to the countless we use, whether we realize it or not. Ins and outs of color that we have not known before, and we feel no need to learn it, has drawn our attention to detail and complexity as knowledge develops. It is inevitable that the development and advancement of science should cause everyone who uses reason and conscience to believe in the existence of God. Nevertheless, there are still people who ignore the breadth of arts and science goals that can be observed everywhere in the universe. A famous scientist, Louis Pasteur, provides interesting commentary on this by saying, "Science is a little distance you from God, but the knowledge that the closer you are to him" .23
When a person learn more about the examples of creation around him, he will better understand that God surrounded him from all directions, he set the whole affair in the heavens and the earth, and control everything. It understands that human life would be taken and received a reply to what he was doing in the world. When the believer is more familiar with the innumerable phenomena taking place around him, his admiration for Allah's knowledge increases. Admiration is a very important step towards recognition of the strength and unlimited power belong to Allah, and fear Him. This is stated in the Qur'an:
"Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky and the rain that we produce the fruits of varying colors. And among the mountains there are streaks white and red variety of colors and some are black and so ( anyway) among humans, animals, reptiles and livestock animals are a variety of colors (and kind). Surely the fear of God among His servants, only the clergy. Allah is Mighty, Forgiving. " (Surah Fatir, 35: 27-28)
Photons from the sun that hit the object on the earth's structure allows us to see the world full of color.
Sabtu, 08 Oktober 2011
Atomic Theory I
Atomic Theory I
The Early Days
by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.
Until the final years of the nineteenth century, the accepted model of the atom resembled that of a billiard ball - a small, solid sphere. In 1897, J. J. Thomson dramatically changed the modern view of the atom with his discovery of the electron. Thomson's work suggested that the atom was not an "indivisible" particle as John Dalton had suggested but, a jigsaw puzzle made of smaller pieces.
Thomson's notion of the electron came from his work with a nineteenth century scientific curiosity: the cathode ray tube. For years scientists had known that if an electric current was passed through a vacuum tube, a stream of glowing material could be seen; however, no one could explain why. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson theorized, and was later proven correct, that the stream was in fact made up of small particles, pieces of atoms that carried a negative charge. These particles were later named electrons.
After Eugen Goldstein’s 1886 discovery that atoms had positive charges, Thomson imagined that atoms looked like pieces of raisin bread, a structure in which clumps of small, negatively charged electrons (the "raisins") were scattered inside a smear of positive charges. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, proved Thomson's raisin bread structure incorrect.
Rutherford performed a series of experiments with radioactive alpha particles. While it was unclear at the time what the alpha particle was, it was known to be very tiny. Rutherford fired tiny alpha particles at solid objects such as gold foil. He found that while most of the alpha particles passed right through the gold foil, a small number of alpha particles passed through at an angle (as if they had bumped up against something) and some bounced straight back like a tennis ball hitting a wall. Rutherford's experiments suggested that gold foil, and matter in general, had holes in it! These holes allowed most of the alpha particles to pass directly through, while a small number ricocheted off or bounced straight back because they hit a solid object.
In 1911, Rutherford proposed a revolutionary view of the atom. He suggested that the atom consisted of a small, dense core of positively charged particles in the center (or nucleus) of the atom, surrounded by a swirling ring of electrons. The nucleus was so dense that the alpha particles would bounce off of it, but the electrons were so tiny, and spread out at such great distances, that the alpha particles would pass right through this area of the atom. Rutherford's atom resembled a tiny solar system with the positively charged nucleus always at the center and the electrons revolving around the nucleus.
Figure 1: Interpreting Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
The positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom were called protons. Protons carry an equal, but opposite, charge to electrons, but protons are much larger and heavier than electrons.
In 1932, James Chadwick discovered a third type of subatomic particle, which he named the neutron. Neutrons help stabilize the protons in the atom's nucleus. Because the nucleus is so tightly packed together, the positively charged protons would tend to repel each other normally. Neutrons help to reduce the repulsion between protons and stabilize the atom's nucleus. Neutrons always reside in the nucleus of atoms and they are about the same size as protons. However, neutrons do not have any electrical charge; they are electrically neutral.
Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons (+ charges) is equal to the number of electrons (- charges) and thus the two cancel out. As the atom gets larger, the number of protons increases, and so does the number of electrons (in the neutral state of the atom). The illustration linked below compares the two simplest atoms, hydrogen and helium.
Simulated hydrogen and helium atoms
Atoms are extremely small. One hydrogen atom (the smallest atom known) is approximately 5 x 10-8 mm in diameter. To put that in perspective, it would take almost 20 million hydrogen atoms to make a line as long as this dash -. Most of the space taken up by an atom is actually empty because the electron spins at a very far distance from the nucleus. For example, if we were to draw a hydrogen atom to scale and used a 1-cm proton (about the size of this picture - ), the atom's electron would spin at a distance of ~0.5 km from the nucleus. In other words, the atom would be larger than a football field!
Atoms of different elements are distinguished from each other by their number of protons (the number of protons is constant for all atoms of a single element; the number of neutrons and electrons can vary under some circumstances). To identify this important characteristic of atoms, the term atomic number (z) is used to describe the number of protons in an atom. For example, z = 1 for hydrogen and z = 2 for helium.
Another important characteristic of an atom is its weight, or atomic mass. The weight of an atom is roughly determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom. While protons and neutrons are about the same size, the electron is more that 1,800 times smaller than the two. Thus the electrons' weight is inconsequential in determining the weight of an atom - it's like comparing the weight of a flea to the weight of an elephant. Refer to the animation above to see how the number of protons plus neutrons in the hydrogen and helium atoms corresponds to the atomic mass.
The Early Days
by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.
Until the final years of the nineteenth century, the accepted model of the atom resembled that of a billiard ball - a small, solid sphere. In 1897, J. J. Thomson dramatically changed the modern view of the atom with his discovery of the electron. Thomson's work suggested that the atom was not an "indivisible" particle as John Dalton had suggested but, a jigsaw puzzle made of smaller pieces.
Thomson's notion of the electron came from his work with a nineteenth century scientific curiosity: the cathode ray tube. For years scientists had known that if an electric current was passed through a vacuum tube, a stream of glowing material could be seen; however, no one could explain why. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson theorized, and was later proven correct, that the stream was in fact made up of small particles, pieces of atoms that carried a negative charge. These particles were later named electrons.
After Eugen Goldstein’s 1886 discovery that atoms had positive charges, Thomson imagined that atoms looked like pieces of raisin bread, a structure in which clumps of small, negatively charged electrons (the "raisins") were scattered inside a smear of positive charges. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, proved Thomson's raisin bread structure incorrect.
Rutherford performed a series of experiments with radioactive alpha particles. While it was unclear at the time what the alpha particle was, it was known to be very tiny. Rutherford fired tiny alpha particles at solid objects such as gold foil. He found that while most of the alpha particles passed right through the gold foil, a small number of alpha particles passed through at an angle (as if they had bumped up against something) and some bounced straight back like a tennis ball hitting a wall. Rutherford's experiments suggested that gold foil, and matter in general, had holes in it! These holes allowed most of the alpha particles to pass directly through, while a small number ricocheted off or bounced straight back because they hit a solid object.
In 1911, Rutherford proposed a revolutionary view of the atom. He suggested that the atom consisted of a small, dense core of positively charged particles in the center (or nucleus) of the atom, surrounded by a swirling ring of electrons. The nucleus was so dense that the alpha particles would bounce off of it, but the electrons were so tiny, and spread out at such great distances, that the alpha particles would pass right through this area of the atom. Rutherford's atom resembled a tiny solar system with the positively charged nucleus always at the center and the electrons revolving around the nucleus.
Figure 1: Interpreting Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
The positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom were called protons. Protons carry an equal, but opposite, charge to electrons, but protons are much larger and heavier than electrons.
In 1932, James Chadwick discovered a third type of subatomic particle, which he named the neutron. Neutrons help stabilize the protons in the atom's nucleus. Because the nucleus is so tightly packed together, the positively charged protons would tend to repel each other normally. Neutrons help to reduce the repulsion between protons and stabilize the atom's nucleus. Neutrons always reside in the nucleus of atoms and they are about the same size as protons. However, neutrons do not have any electrical charge; they are electrically neutral.
Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons (+ charges) is equal to the number of electrons (- charges) and thus the two cancel out. As the atom gets larger, the number of protons increases, and so does the number of electrons (in the neutral state of the atom). The illustration linked below compares the two simplest atoms, hydrogen and helium.
Simulated hydrogen and helium atoms
Atoms are extremely small. One hydrogen atom (the smallest atom known) is approximately 5 x 10-8 mm in diameter. To put that in perspective, it would take almost 20 million hydrogen atoms to make a line as long as this dash -. Most of the space taken up by an atom is actually empty because the electron spins at a very far distance from the nucleus. For example, if we were to draw a hydrogen atom to scale and used a 1-cm proton (about the size of this picture - ), the atom's electron would spin at a distance of ~0.5 km from the nucleus. In other words, the atom would be larger than a football field!
Atoms of different elements are distinguished from each other by their number of protons (the number of protons is constant for all atoms of a single element; the number of neutrons and electrons can vary under some circumstances). To identify this important characteristic of atoms, the term atomic number (z) is used to describe the number of protons in an atom. For example, z = 1 for hydrogen and z = 2 for helium.
Another important characteristic of an atom is its weight, or atomic mass. The weight of an atom is roughly determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom. While protons and neutrons are about the same size, the electron is more that 1,800 times smaller than the two. Thus the electrons' weight is inconsequential in determining the weight of an atom - it's like comparing the weight of a flea to the weight of an elephant. Refer to the animation above to see how the number of protons plus neutrons in the hydrogen and helium atoms corresponds to the atomic mass.
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